维护海洋权益
V. Safeguarding Maritime Rights and Interests
中国是陆海兼备的大国，海洋是中国实现可持续发展的重要空间和资源保障，关系人民福祉，关乎国家未来。开发、利用和保护海洋，建设海洋强国，是国家重要发展战略。坚决维护国家海洋权益，是人民解放军的重要职责。
China is a major maritime as well as land country. The seas and oceans provide immense space and abundant resources for China's sustainable development, and thus are of vital importance to the people's wellbeing and China's future.
It is an essential national development strategy to exploit, utilize and protect the seas and oceans, and build China into a maritime power. It is an important duty for the PLA to resolutely safeguard China's maritime rights and interests.
海军结合日常战备为国家海上执法、渔业生产和油气开发等活动提供安全保障，分别与海监、渔政等执法部门建立协调配合机制，建立完善军警民联防机制。协同地方有关部门开展海洋测绘与科学调查，建设海洋气象监测、卫星导航、无线电导航及助航标志系统，及时发布气象和船舶航行等相关信息，建立和完善管辖海域内的航行安全保障体系。
In combination with its routine combat readiness activities, the PLAN provides security support for China's maritime law enforcement, fisheries, and oil and gas exploitation. It has established mechanisms to coordinate and cooperate with law-enforcement organs of marine surveillance and fishery administration, as well as a joint military-police-civilian defense mechanism.
Further, the PLAN has worked in coordination with relevant local departments to conduct maritime survey and scientific investigation; build systems of maritime meteorological observation, satellite navigation, radio navigation and navigation aids; release timely weather and sea traffic information; and ensure the safe flow of traffic in sea areas of responsibility.
海军与海监、渔政部门多次举行海上联合维权执法演习演练，不断提高军地海上联合维权斗争指挥协同和应急处置能力。2012年10月，在东海海域举行“东海协作—2012”海上联合维权演习，共有11艘舰船、8架飞机参演。
Together with the marine surveillance and fishery administration departments, the PLAN has conducted joint maritime exercises and drills for protecting rights and enforcing laws, and enhanced its capabilities to coordinate command and respond to emergencies in joint military-civilian operations to safeguard maritime rights.
The "Donghai Collaboration-2012" joint exercise was held in the East China Sea in October 2012, involving 11 ships and eight planes.
公安边防部队作为海上重要武装执法力量，对发生在我国内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区和大陆架违反公安行政管理法律、法规、规章的违法行为或者涉嫌犯罪的行为行使管辖权。近年来，公安边防部队大力开展平安海区建设，加强北部湾海上边界和西沙海域巡逻监管，有效维护了海上治安稳定。
As an important armed maritime law-enforcement body, the border public security force exercises jurisdiction over both violations of laws, rules and regulations relating to public security administration and suspected crimes committed in China's internal waters, territorial seas, contiguous zones, exclusive economic zones and continental shelf.
In recent years, the border public security force has endeavored to guarantee the security of sea areas, strengthened patrols, surveillance and management along the sea boundary in the Beibu Gulf and around the Xisha sea areas, and effectively maintained maritime public order and stability.
维护海外利益
Protecting Overseas Interests
随着中国经济逐步融入世界经济体系，海外利益已经成为中国国家利益的重要组成部分，海外能源资源、海上战略通道以及海外公民、法人的安全问题日益凸显。开展海上护航、撤离海外公民、应急救援等海外行动，成为人民解放军维护国家利益和履行国际义务的重要方式。
With the gradual integration of China's economy into the world economic system, overseas interests have become an integral component of China's national interests.
Security issues are increasingly prominent, involving overseas energy and resources, strategic sea lines of communication (SLOCs), and Chinese nationals and legal persons overseas.
Vessel protection at sea, evacuation of Chinese nationals overseas, and emergency rescue have become important ways and means for the PLA to safeguard national interests and fulfill China's international obligations.
根据联合国安理会有关决议并经索马里过渡联邦政府同意，中国政府于2008年12月26日派遣海军舰艇编队赴亚丁湾、索马里海域实施护航。主要任务是保护中国航经该海域的船舶、人员安全，保护世界粮食计划署等国际组织运送人道主义物资船舶的安全，并尽可能为航经该海域的外国船舶提供安全掩护。截至2012年12月，共派出13批34艘次舰艇、28架次直升机、910名特战队员，完成532批4984艘中外船舶护航任务，其中中国大陆1510艘、香港地区940艘、台湾地区74艘、澳门地区1艘；营救遭海盗登船袭击的中国船舶2艘，解救被海盗追击的中国船舶22艘。
In line with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and with the consent of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, the Chinese government dispatched a combined naval task force to conduct escort operations in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia on December 26, 2008.
The combined Chinese task forces are mainly charged with safeguarding the security of Chinese ships and personnel traversing those waters and the security of ships delivering humanitarian supplies for the World Food Programme (WFP) and other international organizations, and sheltering passing foreign vessels as far as possible.
As of December 2012, the Chinese Navy has dispatched, in 13 task groups, 34 warships, 28 helicopters, and 910 Special Operations Force (SOF) soldiers, escorting 4,984 ships in 532 batches. Among them, 1,510 were Chinese mainland ships, 940 Hong Kong ships, 74 Taiwan ships and one Macao ship. The task forces also rescued two Chinese ships from pirates who had boarded them and 22 which were being chased by pirates.
2011年2月，利比亚局势急剧动荡，在利比亚的中资机构、企业和人员面临重大安全威胁。中国政府组织了新中国成立以来最大规模的撤离海外公民行动，共撤出35860人。人民解放军派出舰艇、飞机协助在利比亚人员回国。海军执行亚丁湾、索马里海域护航任务的“徐州”号导弹护卫舰赴利比亚附近海域，为撤离中国受困人员的船舶提供支援和保护。空军紧急出动飞机4架，共飞行40架次，协助1655名受困人员（含240名尼泊尔人）从利比亚转移至苏丹，接运287人从苏丹回国。
In February 2011, the turbulent situation in Libya posed grave security threats to Chinese institutions, enterprises and nationals in that country.
The Chinese government organized the largest overseas evacuation since the founding of the PRC, and 35,860 Chinese nationals were taken home. The PLA contributed ships and aircraft to the effort. The Chinese Navy' s frigate Xuzhou, on escort mission in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia at that time, sailed to the waters off Libya and provided support for ships evacuating Chinese nationals stranded there. The PLAAF sent four aircraft at short notice, flew 40 sorties, evacuated 1,655 people (including 240 Nepalese) from Libya to Sudan, and took 287 Chinese nationals from Sudan back home.
五、维护世界和平和地区稳定
Safeguarding World Peace and Regional Stability
中国的安全和发展与世界的和平繁荣息息相关。中国武装力量始终是维护世界和平和地区稳定的坚定力量，致力于同各国加强军事合作、增进军事互信，参与地区和国际安全事务，在国际政治和安全领域发挥积极作用。
China's security and development are closely connected with the peace and prosperity of the world as a whole. China's armed forces have always been a staunch force upholding world peace and regional stability, and will continue to increase cooperation and mutual trust with the armed forces of other countries, participate in regional and international security affairs, and play an active role in international political and security fields.
参加联合国维和行动
Participating in UN Peacekeeping Operations
中国认真履行国际责任和义务，支持并积极参加联合国维和行动。根据联合国决议和中国政府与联合国达成的协议，中国派出维和部队和维和军事专业人员，进驻指定国家或地区，在联合国主导下组织实施维和行动，主要承担监督停火、隔离冲突和工程、运输、医疗保障以及参与社会重建和人道主义援助等任务。
China earnestly fulfills its international responsibilities and obligations, and supports and actively participates in UN peacekeeping missions.
In accordance with UN resolutions as well as agreements between the Chinese government and the UN, China dispatches peacekeeping troops and specialized peacekeeping personnel to designated countries or regions, who carry out peacekeeping operations under the auspices of the UN.
They are mainly tasked with monitoring ceasefires, disengaging conflicting parties, providing engineering, transportation and medical support, and participating in social reconstruction and humanitarian assistance.
1990年，人民解放军向联合国中东维和任务区派遣5名军事观察员，首次参加联合国维和行动。1992年，向联合国柬埔寨维和任务区派出400人的工程兵大队，首次派遣成建制部队。迄今为止，人民解放军共参加23项联合国维和行动，累计派出维和军事人员2．2万人次。中国参加维和行动的所有官兵均被授予联合国和平勋章，有3名军官和6名士兵在执行维和任务中牺牲，被授予联合国哈马舍尔德勋章。目前，中国是联合国安理会5个常任理事国中派遣维和军事人员最多的国家，是联合国115个维和出兵国中派出工兵、运输和医疗等保障分队最多的国家，是缴纳维和摊款最多的发展中国家。
In 1990, the PLA sent five military observers to the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) - the first time China had taken part in UN peacekeeping missions.
In 1992, it dispatched an engineering corps of 400 officers and men to the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) - the first time China had sent an organic military unit on a peacekeeping mission.
To date, the PLA has dispatched 22,000 military personnel to 23 UN peacekeeping missions. All of them have been awarded the UN peace medals. Three officers and six soldiers have laid down their lives performing such duties and were posthumously awarded the Dag Hammarskjold medal. So far, China is the biggest troop and police contributor among the five permanent members of the UN Security Council.
It also dispatches the most numbers of troops for engineering, transportation and medical support among all the 115 contributing countries. China pays and contributes the largest share of UN peacekeeping costs among all developing countries.
截至2012年12月，人民解放军有1842名官兵在9个联合国任务区遂行维和任务。其中，军事观察员和参谋军官78人，赴联合国刚果（金）稳定特派团工兵、医疗分队共218人，赴联合国利比里亚特派团工兵、运输和医疗分队共558人，赴联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队工兵、医疗分队共335人，赴联合国南苏丹特派团工兵、医疗分队共338人，赴联合国／非盟达尔富尔特派团工兵分队315人。
As of December 2012, a total of 1,842 PLA officers and men are implementing peacekeeping tasks in nine UN mission areas.
Among them, 78 are military observers and staff officers, 218 are engineering and medical personnel for the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), 558 are engineering, transportation and medical personnel for the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), 335 are engineering and medical personnel for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), 338 are engineering and medical personnel for the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS) and 315 are engineering personnel for the African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID).
中国维和部队发扬特别能吃苦、特别能战斗、特别能奉献的优良作风，高标准完成各项任务。22年来，共新建、修复道路1万多公里、桥梁284座，排除地雷和各类未爆物9000多枚，运送物资100万吨，运输总里程1100多万公里，接诊病人12万人次。参谋军官和军事观察员在司令部工作及巡逻、监督停火、联络、谈判等各项任务中表现出高度负责的职业精神。赴刚果（金）工兵分队连续奋战数昼夜，平整火山岩石场地1．6万平方米。赴利比里亚运输分队保障范围辐射该国全境，成为驻利近50支联合国维和部队的运输保障中枢。中国维和部队还为当地民众铺路架桥、维修车辆、运送物资、送医送药和传授农业种植技术。赴黎巴嫩工兵分队自创“斜十字交叉定位”扫雷法，大大提高作业安全系数和进度，日均清排面积500平方米以上；在黎以冲突期间排除未爆炸弹3500多枚。赴苏丹达尔富尔工兵分队在被认为无法打井的地方打出13眼水井。赴南苏丹工兵分队高标准建成首个解武、复员、安置过渡培训中心，为当地和平进程作出积极贡献。
Tough, brave and devoted, Chinese peacekeepers accomplish all their tasks in an exemplary manner.
Over the past 22 years, Chinese peacekeepers have built and repaired over 10,000 km of roads and 284 bridges, cleared over 9,000 mines and various types of unexploded ordnance (UXO), transported over one million tons of cargo across a total distance of 11 million km and treated 120,000 patients.
The staff officers and military observers have displayed a high degree of professionalism in their work at the headquarters and in the tasks of patrol, ceasefire monitoring, liaison and negotiation.
The Chinese engineering units to the Democratic Republic of the Congo worked day and night to level an area of 16,000 square meters littered with volcanic rocks.
The Chinese transportation units to Liberia have worked throughout the country and served as the transportation support center for nearly 50 peacekeeping troops there.
Chinese peacekeepers also build roads and bridges, repair vehicles and transport materials for, as well as deliver medical assistance and impart agricultural technology to local people.
The Chinese engineering units to Lebanon invented the method of "tilted cross positioning" in minesweeping, which has greatly raised the safety and efficiency of such operations.
They can now cover an average of over 500 square meters per day with this method. During the Lebanon-Israel conflict in 2006, over 3,500 unexploded bombs were defused and disposed of.
The Chinese engineering units to Darfur, Sudan, dug 13 wells in areas where well digging was deemed impossible. The Chinese engineering units to South Sudan built the first interim training center for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) at a high standard, making a positive contribution to the local peace process.
中国维和官兵恪守联合国维和人员行为准则、交战规则和驻在国法律法规，尊重当地宗教信仰和风俗习惯，严格遵守任务区规定和中国维和部队规章制度，赢得了当地人民的信任。
Chinese peacekeepers strictly abide by the code of personal conduct for UN peacekeepers, rules of engagement and laws of host countries. They respect local religious beliefs and customs, and conscientiously observe the mission regulations and rules for the Chinese peacekeeping troops, thereby winning trust from the local people.
国际灾难救援和人道主义援助
International Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Aid
中国武装力量积极参加政府组织的国际灾难救援和人道主义援助，向有关受灾国提供救援物资与医疗救助，派出专业救援队赴受灾国救援减灾，为有关国家提供扫雷援助，开展救援减灾国际交流。
China's armed forces take an active part in international disaster relief and humanitarian aid operations organized by the government. They provide relief supplies and medical aid, dispatch specialized rescue teams to disaster-stricken countries, provide mine-sweeping assistance and carry out international exchanges of rescue and disaster reduction.
2002年以来，人民解放军已执行国际紧急人道主义援助任务36次，向27个受灾国运送总价值超过12．5亿元人民币的救援物资。2001年以来，由北京军区工兵团官兵、武警总医院医护人员和中国地震局专家组成的中国国际救援队，已参加8次国际灾难救援行动。2010年以来，人民解放军医疗救援队先后3次赴海地、巴基斯坦执行国际人道主义医学救援任务，陆军航空兵直升机救援队赴巴基斯坦协助抗击洪涝灾害。
Since 2002 the PLA has undertaken 36 urgent international humanitarian aid missions, and transported relief materials worth more than RMB1.25 billion to 27 disaster-stricken countries.
Since 2001, the Chinese International Search and Rescue (CISAR) Team, composed of officers and men from the engineering regiment of the Beijing Military Area Command, medical personnel from the PAPF General Hospital and experts from the China Earthquake Administration, has participated in eight international rescue operations.
Since 2010, PLA medical assistance teams have been sent three times to Haiti and Pakistan to carry out international humanitarian medical rescue operations, and the helicopter rescue team of the army aviation has been sent to Pakistan to assist flood-relief operations there.
2011年3月，日本发生强震并引发海啸，中国国际救援队紧急赴日参与搜救工作。2011年7月，泰国发生严重洪涝灾害，人民解放军空军出动4架飞机将中国国防部援助泰国武装部队的90多吨抗洪救灾物资运抵曼谷。2011年9月，巴基斯坦发生特大洪灾，人民解放军空军出动5架飞机将7000顶救灾帐篷空运至卡拉奇，兰州军区派出医疗防疫救援队赴重灾区昆瑞开展医疗救援、卫生防疫工作。
In March 2011 a devastating earthquake and tsunami hit Japan. The CISAR rushed to Japan and participated in the search-and-rescue operations.
In July 2011 heavy floods battered Thailand. The PLAAF sent four aircraft to transport to Bangkok more than 90 tons of relief materials provided by China's Ministry of National Defense to the Thai armed forces.
In September 2011, when disastrous floods struck Pakistan, the PLAAF dispatched five aircraft to deliver 7,000 tents to Karachi, and the Lanzhou Military Area Command sent a medical-care and epidemic-prevention team to Kunri, the worst-hit area.
中国武装力量积极开展对发展中国家的医疗服务和援助，参与国际医疗交流与合作，增进了与各国的友谊和互信。2010—2011年，海军“和平方舟”号医院船先后赴亚非5国和拉美4国，执行“和谐使命”人道主义医疗服务任务，历时193天，航程4．2万海里，为近5万人提供医疗服务。近年来，人民解放军医疗队还结合参加人道主义医疗联合演练，积极为加蓬、秘鲁、印度尼西亚等国家的民众提供医疗服务。
China's armed forces actively provide medical care and aid to developing countries, and participate in international medical exchanges and cooperation, thus strengthening friendship and mutual trust with them.
From 2010 to 2011, PLAN's hospital ship Peace Ark visited five countries in Asia and Africa and four countries in Latin America to provide "Harmonious Mission" humanitarian medical service. In 193 days the voyage covered 42,000 nautical miles, and nearly 50,000 people received medical services. In recent years, the PLA medical team has also provided medical service to local people in Gabon, Peru and Indonesia while participating in joint humanitarian medical drills.
中国政府高度重视地雷引发的人道主义问题，积极支持和参与国际扫雷援助活动。1999年以来，人民解放军通过举办扫雷技术培训班、专家现场指导、援助扫雷装备等方式，配合国家相关部门向近40个亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲国家提供扫雷援助，为外国培训扫雷技术人员400多名，指导扫除雷场20多万平方米，捐赠价值约6000万元人民币的扫雷装备器材。
The Chinese government attaches great importance to the solution of humanitarian problems caused by landmines.
It actively supports and participates in international de-mining efforts.
Since 1999, the PLA, in collaboration with relevant departments of the PRC government, has provided de-mining assistance to nearly 40 Asian, African and Latin American countries through offering training courses, sending experts to give on-site instruction, and donating de-mining equipment.
As a result, the PLA has trained more than 400 mine-clearance personnel for foreign countries, guided the clearance of more than 200,000 square meters of land-mine areas and donated mine-clearance equipment worth RMB 60 million.
维护国际海上通道安全
Safeguarding the Security of International SLOCs
中国海军履行国际义务，在亚丁湾、索马里海域开展常态化护航行动，与多国护航力量进行交流合作，共同维护国际海上通道安全。截至2012年12月，中国海军护航编队共为4艘世界粮食计划署船舶、2455艘外国船舶提供护航，占护航船舶总数的49％。救助外国船舶4艘，接护被海盗释放的外国船舶4艘，解救被海盗追击的外国船舶20艘。
To fulfill China's international obligations, the Chinese navy carries out regular escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia.
It conducts exchanges and cooperation with other escort forces to jointly safeguard the security of the international SLOCs.
As of December 2012, Chinese navy task groups have provided protection for four WFP ships and 2,455 foreign ships, accounting for 49% of the total of escorted ships. They helped four foreign ships, recovered four ships released from captivity and saved 20 foreign ships from pursuit by pirates.
中国海军护航编队在联合护航、信息共享、协调联络等方面与多国海军建立了良好的沟通机制。与俄罗斯开展联合护航行动，与韩国、巴基斯坦、美国海军舰艇开展反海盗等联合演习演练，与欧盟协调为世界粮食计划署船舶进行护航。与欧盟、北约、多国海上力量、韩国、日本、新加坡等护航舰艇举行指挥官登舰互访活动，与荷兰开展互派军官驻舰考察活动。积极参与索马里海盗问题联络小组会议以及“信息共享与防止冲突”护航国际会议等国际机制。
Chinese navy escort task forces have maintained smooth communication with other navies in the areas of joint escort, information sharing, coordination and liaison.
They have conducted joint escorts with their Russian counterparts, carried out joint anti-piracy drills with naval ships of the ROK, Pakistan and the US, and coordinated with the European Union to protect WFP ships.
It has exchanged boarding visits of commanders with task forces from the EU, NATO, the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), the ROK, Japan and Singapore. It has exchanged officers for onboard observations with the navy of the Netherlands.
China takes an active part in the conferences of the Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) and "Shared Awareness and Deconfliction" (SHADE) meetings on international merchant shipping protection.
自2012年1月起，中国、印度、日本等独立护航国家加强行动协调，以季度为周期相互协调各自护航班期，实现护航资源的统筹协调，提高护航效率。中国作为首轮护航班期协调参照国，及时公布2012年第一季度护航班期，印度、日本据此调整本国护航班期计划，形成了统一且间隔有序的护航班期。韩国从第四季度起加入独立护航国家班期协调机制。
Since January 2012, independent deployers such as China, India and Japan have strengthened their convoy coordination.
They have adjusted their escort schedules on a quarterly basis, optimized available assets, and thereby enhanced escort efficiency. China, as the reference country for the first round of convoy coordination, submitted its escort timetable for the first quarter of 2012 in good time.
India and Japan's escort task forces adjusted their convoy arrangements accordingly, thereby formulating a well-scheduled escort timetable. The ROK joined these efforts in the fourth quarter of 2012.
来源：中国日报网 日期：2013年4月18日
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